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Mifflin Wistar Gibbs
Mifflin Wistar Gibbs (17 April 1823 – 11 July 1915) was an African-American attorney, judge, diplomat and banker. Born in Philadelphia, he moved to California as a young man during the Gold Rush. Angered by discriminatory laws passed in 1858, he and several hundred American blacks moved that year to Victoria, British Columbia. Gibbs lived and worked there for ten years.
After the American Civil War, Gibbs and many of the other black settlers returned to the United States. In the late 1860s, he settled in Little Rock, Arkansas, the capital of the state, and became an attorney. He became prominent in Reconstruction politics. In 1873 Gibbs was elected as a city judge, the first black judge elected in the US. In 1897 he was appointed as American consul to Madagascar.
==Early life and education==
Mifflin Wistar Gibbs was born in 1823 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (a free state), as the eldest of four siblings, including Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs. Their father was a Methodist minister.〔 As a young adult, Gibbs became active in the abolitionist movement in the city and worked for Frederick Douglass.〔 Philadelphia had long had a flourishing free black community, as people had found work there even before the revolution and slavery was abolished after the Revolutionary War. Like tens of thousands of other men, Gibbs moved to California during the Gold Rush years, where he founded "the state's only African-American newspaper."〔
In 1858 he and other American blacks were angered when the California legislature passed discriminatory laws intended to discourage blacks from entering or staying in the state: they were deprived of the right to own property and were disqualified from giving evidence against a white person in court. All black people in California were required to wear distinctive badges.〔(CHARLES HILLINGER, "MINERS LEFT U.S. FOR CANADA IN 1858/ Blacks Found Gold Couldn't Buy Freedom" ), ''B.C. Times'' (Vancouver), n.d., p. 5, at ''The Black Community in the History of Quebec and Canada,'' 1996, accessed 5 January 2015〕 Angered by these developments, Gibbs and two other African-American men went to British Columbia to meet with Sir James Douglas, governor of the province, to learn about the treatment of blacks in Canada. Douglas assured the Americans that they would be treated like other residents in this frontier area.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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